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St. Mary's Seminary & University

Maryland Catholics and the Revolution

 

Abp. John Carroll Coat of Arms

Abp. John Carroll’s Coat of Arms
The Blessed Mother is depicted as the Patroness
of the United States of America. There are 13 stars to
represent the 13 colonies that formed the country.

 

 . . . The Holy Ghost has so worked upon & tutored the minds of men, that now, agreeably to the dictates of our own consciences, we may sing canticles of praise to the Lord in a Country no longer foreign or unfriendly to us, but a Country now become our own & taking us into her protection. . .

– Abp. John Carroll

 

In observance of the 250th anniversary of the United States of America, the Archives has created a web page that highlights the contributions made by members of Maryland’s Catholic community to the American Revolution and founding of this nation.

When the 13 colonies declared their independence from Great Britain in 1776, it is estimated that Catholics made up just 1% percent of the total population. The majority lived in Maryland, chiefly in the southern counties of St. Mary’s, Charles, and Prince George’s, whose members were both free and enslaved. Although it is believed that this community did not number more than 16,000, the families who comprised it represented 10 percent of the colony’s population, many of whom were counted among the earliest settlers to arrive in Maryland. It was Lord Baltimore’s promise of liberty of conscience that brought them to the colony when it was founded in 1634 and led to Maryland becoming the center of Catholic life in the British North American colonies. Although this experiment in religious toleration was brought to an end when Maryland became a royal colony in 1692, the community that had been established, now comprised of members from across Europe and Africa, was strong enough to persevere under the anti-Catholic laws enacted to strip them of their political rights and prohibit them from practicing their religion freely through the end of the colonial period.

Although Catholics adapted to these laws, they never accepted the loss of their religious and political rights and kept the memory of the Lords Baltimore’s experiment in religious toleration alive. The central role played by Catholics in the founding and success of the colony was also not forgotten. Out of this experience emerged the Maryland tradition that embraced such principles as the separation of church and state, religious liberty, ecumenism, and public service. The Maryland tradition later influenced the development of the church in this country during its founding period.

When the decision was made to break from England, the Catholic community played a critical role in persuading their fellow Marylanders to support the Patriot party and, as a group, were among the most committed to the cause for independence. Catholics enlisted in the county militias, served in government at the county and state levels, helped frame Maryland’s constitution and declaration of rights, represented the state in the Continental Congress, helped provision the Continental Army with foodstuffs from their farms, raised funds and supplies, and sewed uniforms and other needed clothing for troops.

Despite the contributions and sacrifices made by Catholics in support of the Revolution, there was a recognition in the community that unless religious liberty was embraced by the country as a whole, their position remained tenuous and uncertain. If Catholics were going to realize the benefits of the new nation, a central element of which was being recognized under the law as full and equal citizens, they had to persuade the American people that this was the right and just thing to do. Catholic leaders during the war, including Charles Carroll of Carrollton and Daniel Carroll of Rock Creek, continued to advocate on behalf of the community, specifically on the issue of religious liberty. Another person who emerged as a leader in this effort was the man who was to become the country’s first Catholic bishop, John Carroll. When the loyalty of Catholics was called into question following the Revolution, it was Carroll who publicly defended the community against such charges. In a series of published debates, he countered old prejudices and misrepresentations by explaining Church teaching and doctrine, using an ecumenical tone in his responses to underscore his commitment to religious pluralism and toleration. When answering charges that Catholics could not be loyal citizens, he recounted how the blood of Catholics had flowed as freely as that of any of their fellow citizens and argued that the creation of the country was not due to the efforts of one group, but to the contributions of all of its citizens. To not recognize the contributions of Catholics because of their religious beliefs was a “flagrant act of injustice.” The leadership they provided on this issue helped to ensure that religious freedom was protected in the U.S. Constitution.